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Introduction Before they are introduced to acids and bases, young chemistry students always think that sodium chloride (common salt) is everything there is to know about salts. However, from their knowledge of acids and bases, they also get to know about other substances, such as copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI), potassium trioxocarbonate (IV), ammonium chloride, calcium trioxonitrate (V) etc, which are classified as salts. These substances are the outcomes of the Arrhenius acid-base reactions. So, what is a salt? Definitions We will define a salt in terms of basicity (replaceable hydrogen ions) and neutralization. I) A salt is a substance formed when all or part of the replaceable hydrogen ions in an acid, are replaced by metallic ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+ etc) or ammonium ions (NH4+). This implies that every acid has its corresponding salts. The list below shows examples of some salts and their parent acids. 1. Acid : Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Salts : Sodium chloride...

p H & pH Scale The pH (hydrogen ions potential) is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The concept of pH was introduced by Sörensén in 1909 to bring about the convenience of working with very dilute solutions. To this effect, he developed a scale consisting of fifteen numbers (0 - 14), which is used in pH meter, for measuring the relative acidity or alkalinity in solutions. This scale is known as the pH scale. The numbers in the pH scale are the values of the negative logarithms of the hydrogen ions concentrations in such solutions. From the above, we can define pH as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ions concentration [H+] to base 10. Mathematically, this is given as: pH = - log [H+] ..........................(i) Alternatively, the above equation can be expressed as pH = log 1/[H+] .........................(ii) From equation (ii), we can also define pH as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ions concentration to base 10. The...